A study commissioned by DFID's Africa Policy Department to generate empirical evidence on the design, application and impact of political governance conditionalities in Africa during the period 1999-2004. Political conditionality has been defined to include conditions attached to aid related to democracy, civil liberties, corruption and security/conflict. The focus of this study is on the ten countries that have benefited from DFID Poverty Reduction Budget Support programmes during the period (or part of it): Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.