The objective of this study is to identify both positive and negative incentives shaping engagement by operational staff in aid alignment and harmonisation. The study aims to draw out lessons from the country experiences and use these as the basis for practical recommendations on how the Bank might encourage staff to implement its commitments under the Paris Declaration. The country case studies are not evaluations of the work of the World Bank at country level with respect to harmonisation and alignment, but are rather an opportunity to draw inspiration from the field in order to inform headquarters level policymaking.