Taking a three-step, innovative, common methodology – called Value Chain Analysis for Resilience in Drylands (VC-ARID) – this synthesis report identifies climate risk, adaptation options and opportunities for private sector development in Kenya, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Pakistan and Tajikistan – specifically for the livestock and cotton sectors. The VC-ARID approach to value chain analysis is innovative in that it considers the specific characteristics of semi-arid systems. This synthesis report is part of Pathways to Resilience in Semi-arid Economies (PRISE) Project 3, which aims to identify opportunities for economic transformation and diversification in the semi-arid lands of PRISE countries, by integrating sectors rooted in semi-arid lands into national economies.