The purpose of this synthesis is to review the experience to date in applying participatory approaches to macro-level policy formulation, implementation and monitoring, with a view to supporting country-led facilitation of inclusive and high-quality partici[ation in the PRS process. The participatory experiences reviewed are drawn from research initiatives, donors' country strategies, aid coordination processes, policy advocacy campaigns, institutional change processes, budgetary analysis and formulation, and citizens' monitoring mechanisms. Sections are organised around key themes which crystallised in the course of reviewing these experiences.