This note introduces the concept of neopatrimonialism, examining its origins and defining characteristics. It then discusses the structural factors that explain the emergence and robustness of neopatrimonial governance in sub-Saharan Africa. This is followed by consideration of the nature of the public sector in sub-Saharan Africa, exploring the implications of neopatrimonialism for public sector capacity and performance. The final section briefly outlines the pattern of reform in Africa and uses political economy analysis – institutional, rational-choice and process approaches – to understand both the dominant trend and variations in reform trajectories in neopatrimonial states.