This report – the product of hundreds of conversations with Afghans as well as key members of the international community – aims to identify ‘the key issues underpinning Afghanistan’s constitutional and political development’ and the ‘key policy options for the Afghan Transitional Administration (ATA) and other members of the international community’. It argues, however, that achieving the constitutional and electoral processes provided for under the Bonn Agreement will first and foremost depend upon improvements in security throughout the country. This will require substantially greater progress than has so far been seen in the formation of a professional, multi-ethnic national army; the demobilisation and reintegration of armed personnel; and measures to reduce warlord power and action on drugs.