Using the IMF's review of conditionality to investigate the changes proposed by the Fund in its use of conditionality in the context of the implications for the way the World Bank does and should use conditionality, the resultant paper makes recommendations to DfID and HM Treasury on a policy response to conditionality in the Fund and Bank in low-income countries to feed into Fund's Review due to conclude by the time of the Spring Meetings. The study combines an overview of the issues with a number of detailed country case studies drawing on country-based fieldwork by the consultant the DfID officials.