This was a study to generate concrete proposals on ways the World Bank can encourage staff to implement the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in country-level operational work; policy dialogue, strategic planning, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of operations (including capacity building) and analytical work. It sought to identify the positive and negative incentives for operational staff, particularly in the field offices, but also in Washington. It examined the experiences of a number of countries in furthering alignment and harmonisation and drew general lessons and conclusions from these cases. It also proposed reasonable operational steps to improve the Bank's incentive environment in all relevant areas.